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Most new writers have problems with scene changes (transitions). A smooth scene transition will encourage your readers to keep reading, whereas a sudden scene change can jolt your reader out of the story.

Transitions

What connects one scene to the next? A transition, which can be either a word or sentence that links one scene to the next. If you want to connect sentences, use transitional words, to connect scenes employ the use of transitional phrases or sentences.

The Purpose of Transitions

Transitions move your story forward. A sign of poor use of transitions would be if your reader gets lost in your story or novel, and needs to go back to the start and re-read what you had written earlier. This may be caused by other problems too, but poorly executed scene changes are often at fault. Quick scene changes, without the proper use of transitional phrases, can leave your readers wondering where the story is heading.

If you use transitions well, you will inspire confidence in your readers. They will know they can trust that your characters will stay connected to the story. Even if your story has muliple POV’s (point of view) those reading will be assured that you’ll come back to the other characters at some point further on. You won’t leave any character lost in the forest, or lying hurt and bleeding for too long. There will be a closure to their particular thread.

Have you ever read a novel that was written in real-time? Probably not. There are always instances in your characters life which do not need to be chronicled; for example, the seven hours spent sleeping; trips to the bathroom; the days or weeks in your story when nothing much happens to them. Transitions come to your rescue, they aid you in moving your characters either forward in time or to new locations.

Author’s Responsibility to their Readers

It is best to wait until your novel or story is finished to add and adjust transitions and scene changes. Start at the beginning and read over the beginning of every scene change, working your way through scenes and chapters. Are your scene changes clearly identified?

Just as you do your best to use correct punctuation, spelling and follow the rules of grammar when writing, you should also endeavor to clearly identify all scene changes. People will not read your novel if it is poorly punctuated, words are misspelled, or there are gaping holes in your plot. They won’t continue reading it if you mishandle scene changes either.

Clearly Setting the Scene

One idea for making sure the scene change is clearly marked is to describe your character and their surroundingsin the opening paragraph.

Bob Mayer (author and writing instructor) described one technique for doing this:

“When you start a new chapter or change perspective, you have to quickly (in first two paragraphs usually) orient the reader as to:

-Where is the locale?

-When in the timeline is this, with relation to the previous

scene?

-What is the point of view, and if it is a character’s, which character?

-Who is here?

Answering those questions “sets” the scene.”

You can also use a brief narrative to set the scene. You can use your character’s thoughts to show the reader how they felt about the previous scene, or their thoughts about what is to happen.

Visual Scene Dividers

Visual dividers are less often used for quick scene changes or when you switch the story to another character’s perspective.

The standard way to mark a scene break in your manuscript, so your editor or publisher will know there is a scene break, is with one #. These signs don’t remain in the published manuscript, they’re usually replaced by either more white space or a specific graphic break.

Was Your Scene Transition Successful?

If you can ask someone to read the section of writing in question and formulate a plot summary for it you can soon learn whether your scene transitions were successful. If all the elements in the series of connected scenes are included in the summary, you have nothing to worry about. However, if it is difficult for the reader to summarize the section, parts remain a blur, or they had to refer to the beginning of the chapter, or reread another earlier scene to make sense of the summary, you may need to look at your use of transition.

For more on Transitions and Scene Changes, read this.

Robyn Wescombe is a published author, who has been writing for more than fifteen years. Published work includes, “In Armageddon’s Wake” and “The Return of the Seven Keys”, both YA Fantasy novels. Tips from Robyn on writing can be found at http://www/.writerzitch.com.

About a year ago, I wrote an article with guidelines on writing a website design and development Request for Proposal (RFP), which received a great response. Now I think it’s high time to do the same thing for those wishing to engage an agency for Social Media Marketing and other Online Marketing and Advertising consultation and implementation.

Below are my suggestions of how to prepare an RFP for social media projects, retainers and campaigns. I also suggest doing research online and viewing other Request for Proposals to see what works best for your organization. Keep in mind that whatever format you choose will determine not only how long the responses are, but also what type of focus you are looking for from the respondents. Each section of the RFP is outlined below, along with some explanation and suggested questions. Have fun!

Information about your organization and project

Introduction

The purpose of this section is to give a brief overview of the company issuing the RFP and the social media project or desired work relationship between the company and the vendor. Provide as much information as you feel is necessary to allow vendors to prepare an accurate proposal. If you feel that there is certain proprietary or other information that you do not wish to make public, require a Non Disclosure Agreement be signed before receiving that information. This may limit the participation of vendors, but it is oftentimes necessary to protect private information.

1. Company Overview

• Organizational history
• Your business objectives
• Your company’s history using social media or reasons why your organization intends to begin to participate in social media

2. Overview of Project

• State the project objectives and how they relate to the business objectives stated above. Explain the type of vendor relationship desired i.e. Project-based, Agency of Record, etc. Explain the current involvement your organization has with social media channels and how they relate to both your organization’s primary presence and any related campaigns
• Explain the social media channels you wish the campaign to involve, unless you are looking for suggestions of which to use, then please specify that to the vendors
• Explain how the project fits into your overall marketing strategy (online and offline) and if there is another vendor involved in other aspects of your Advertising and Marketing initiatives
• Explain the measurable outcomes you would like to see
• Explain the duration of the work – is it a temporary campaign, or an ongoing organizational marketing platform?

3. Overview of Audiences and Stakeholders

• List primary audiences for the company, i.e. demographics, psychographics, etc
• List primary information needs of each audience group
• Identify if any market or audience research will be necessary in the execution of the campaign

4. Overview of Response

• Make it clear the type of response you are looking for:
• Are you looking for a hypothetical approach, or an explanation of the vendor’s process of how they will come to create your campaign. Many times a hypothetical approach is not the best way to approach an RFP process simply because a vendor will be missing several key pieces of information that might negatively affect their ability to propose a specific solution. We suggest looking for more general responses and weighing the effectiveness of past client work heavily

Guidelines for Proposal Preparation

• In order to give all qualified vendors a level playing field, it’s important to set up an easy to follow schedule for both when your RFP is issued, when and to whom questions are allowed, and when and in what format responses are required
• Specify the date the RFP was issued (Month, Day, Year). If your RFP is publicly listed, it will help those searching for RFPs on Google or by other methods to find relevant Request for Proposals
• An optional requirement is to specify that all interested vendors register their intent to submit a proposal by a certain date – usually within 1-2 weeks of the RFP issue. This is a good way to limit the potential number of vendors who respond if you anticipate a large volume of proposals and would rather receive a smaller amount
• We recommend allowing a question and answer period that ends at least 1 week before the proposal is due. It is up to you whether to allow questions by email, conference call or individual phone calls. We do recommend that you share all the questions (and answers) with all interested vendors in order to keep things as equal as possible. Always specify which format -phone call, email, and to whom these questions should be addressed. We recommend identifying a single person in your organization to be the point of contact. Just make sure vacation schedules, etc don’t interfere with this process, and if there is any other reason why the primary point of contact might need to be out of town during the process, specify a secondary point of contact
• Responses from issuer to be sent by 20XX in the following formats (specify whether electronic submissions, hard copies or both must be either emailed, mailed or hand-delivered)
• On the basis of the replies to the RFP document, a short list of potential vendors will be selected and this group will be asked to present demonstrations of their capabilities and vision for the project. These meetings will be completed by XXth, 20XX
• Awarding of the contract to selected Vendor by XXth, 20XX
• Work to commence by 20XX and to last until (if applicable)

Vendor Questions and Qualifications

The following is a series of questions that, if applicable, we suggest you ask the vendors submitting proposals. Some may not apply, but it is a great idea to get as much of an idea of the vendor’s approach and philosophy on social media as possible. Compare the responses both among each other, and to the research and reading that you have done to make sure that the vendor is up to date with the latest thinking and best practices.

COMPANY DETAILS

• Company name and parent company name
• Ownership structure
• Years in operation
• Mailing address (headquarters)
• Other office location(s)
• Primary phone
• Fax number
• Website and blog URL
• Primary point of contact (name, title, phone and email address)
• Total number of employees
• Number of vendor employees whose primary function is social media
• Current client list with those engaged in social media work identified
• Percentage of total revenue that is social-media related
• Three references for social media work including; company name, primary client name, contact details and brief explanation of services provided
• Any potential conflicts with existing vendor client base and this RFP
• Senior social media staff bios and links to social media profiles where applicable
• Please provide a complete list of relevant social media platform and technology partners
• References from clients currently engaged in social media work with the vendor

CAPABILITIES & EXPERIENCE

• List all social media and online marketing capabilities
• Do you have any proprietary tools or products related to social media?
• Please list any experience you have with integrating social, paid and/or earned media
• Is there a specific industry or type of work your firm specializes in?
• Please list and provide links to primary social media communication channels for your company (i.e.company blog,Twitter account, Facebook group, blogs authored by principals, etc.)

SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING STRATEGY

• Please outline your social media strategy process
• Which stakeholder groups do you typically include in a strategy engagement?
• Describe the final deliverable of a strategy engagement
• What is your approach to risk management in social media?
• How do you incorporate existing applications, websites, microsites and newsletter programs into your overall social media strategy?
• How do you ensure compliance with client legal requirements?
• Please describe your approach to integrating across client marketing, customer service and corporate communications departments. Please provide an example of your work in this area
• How do you approach adapting a traditional brand into a two-way dialogue?
• Please provide a case study of your strategy work that resulted in a social media initiative and the business results achieved

REPUTATION MANAGEMENT & SOCIAL MEDIA MONITORING

• What is your brand/reputation monitoring process (i.e. proprietary tools used, methodology, etc)?
• What is your opinion on automated sentiment analysis?
• What technology do you use to assist in online monitoring?
• How long (on average) between a potential issue being posted online and being flagged to the client?
• What volume of mentions has your organization handled in the past (e.g. 2,500 mentions per week)?
• What is your quality assurance process to ensure that the large volumes of data gathered in the monitoring process are handled efficiently and representative of the overall online conversation?
• Please detail your methodology for handling online crises
• What services do you provide in support of online crisis management?
• Please describe the structure of your crisis management team, including bios and relevant experience
• How do you assess which mentions require immediate responses and which do not?
• Please outline your general approach to sourcing and responding to comments
• Please provide a case study detailing your work for the purposes of managing reputation or online crisis management, including outcomes and lessons learned
• Please include a sample of your monitoring report format and/or a link to appropriate dashboards (specifics should be removed)

METRICS, MEASUREMENT & REPORTING

• What methodology do you use for measuring the success of your social media programs for clients?
• Please provide specific examples based on past work
• Have you developed any proprietary metrics? How have you applied these for clients?
• How have you defined Return on Investment (ROI) from a social media perspective in the past?
• How do you take data points generated from various social media channels and measurement tools and combine to give an objective/comprehensive view?
• What is your approach to server analytics and community analytics for program measurement?
• Do you have the capability to measure cost per lead or cost per acquisition? Please provide an example of a project on which you have done so
• What platforms are you unable to measure accurately, or able to provide only limited measurements from?
• Please provide a sample of a measurement document or final report (specifics should be removed)
• What percentage of the budget do you recommend be dedicated to metrics and measurement?

CLIENT EDUCATION & TRAINING

• Do you offer social media training services for clients? If yes, what formats are they available in?
• What internal processes do you have in place to ensure that your staff is kept current on social media innovations and best practices?
• How do you measure progress and evaluate training effectiveness?
• How do you recommend that clients keep up to date on the latest social media innovations and best practices?

SOCIAL MEDIA AND OTHER DIGITAL CHANNELS

• What are your design, creative and community management capabilities?
• What percentage of your staff is dedicated to building and deploying social media solutions versus management and consulting?
• Please describe your experience with the following platforms and tactics:

- YouTube or similar video sharing sites

- Blogs, Podcasts, Vodcasts, Forums

- Content Management System (CMS)

- Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

- E-mail Marketing

- Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing(SEM)

- Facebook Pages, Apps, API integration

- Mobile application development

- Twitter

- News sharing sites (i.e. Digg, Reddit, etc.)

- Virtual Worlds and Augmented reality

- Photo sharing (i.e. Flickr) and other content sharing sites (i.e. Scribd, Slideshare, Delicious, etc.)

- Social Media press releases(SMPRs)

- Crowdsourcing or Wikis

- Real world events organized via social media (e.g. Tweetups)

- Ratings/Customer service sites (i.e. Yelp, ePinions, etc.)

Please provide examples of social media channel development work completed within the last two years

COMMUNITY AND INFLUENCER OUTREACH (SOCIAL PR)

• What is your process for identifying influencers within various social media channels?
• How do you determine and define “influence?”
• What is your outreach process for communicating with identified online influencers?
• What tools and approaches do you use for Influencer Relationship Management? (Third-party, proprietary,etc.)
• How have you integrated Influencer Outreach with traditional communications and/or marketing campaigns?
• How do you approach seeding conversations within stakeholder groups?
• What is your exit strategy with influencers once the initiative is completed?
• How do you ensure authenticity and transparency when conducting outreach on behalf of a client?
• Please provide a case study of an online community outreach project

CLIENT SERVICES & PROJECT MANAGEMENT

• How is a typical client engagement with your firm structured?
• How do you structure your account teams?
• Please outline your internal communication structure. If your account staff is separate from your project management staff, please detail how these teams work together
• If you are selected to provide social media services, who will be assigned to our business (please provide names, titles and short biographical notes)
• What percentage of senior staff involvement is structured in to your projects? What role do they play?
• How are your projects priced? Using an hourly rate? Blended agency rate? If the former, please provide a rate card
• What change management practices does your agency employ?
• What reports will be provided to the client in order to communicate project milestones and overall project health?
• What is the frequency of these reports?
• What is your process for gathering business requirements?

Writing a Request for Proposal (RFP) is a good first step when considering Online Marketing and Social Media work as it takes thoughtful planning to specify and construct an effective, integrated campaign. A well thought-out, quality RFP is essential to a successful endeavor because it helps you to focus on your goals and exactly how to achieve them.

Greg Kihlstrom is the Chief Creative Officer at Carousel30 Interactive in Washington DC, an award-winning digital agency offering online advertising and marketing services as well as interactive design and development for social media, websites and mobile applications.

Writing for websites — content, as it is called — is an important task for webmasters. Your site must be current, relevant, and interesting in order to attract and retain visitors. The following are some tips I have successfully employed in order to keep my websites relevant:

1. Write with Passion. There is nothing worse than reading a dull article! If you aren’t interested in what you are writing about, then please don’t! Better yet: Join one of the excellent content producting sites on the internet. EzineArticles is a leader in this category.

2. Write with Clarity and Brevity. Do your articles make sense? Are you using too many complicated and arcane terms? Remember, the internet is visited by people for whom English is not their primary language. In addition, our attention spans online are very short. Needlessly long, verbose articles will lose your reader’s attention. If you lose your readers, you will lose readership [members]!

3. Write with Purpose. If you are trying to sell a product, then sell it. Stay focused on the subject at hand and do not go off into tangents. If there is something else you want to mention unrelated to the subject, then write another article. Link it to the primary article if they are related. Never confuse or frustrate your readers!

4. Write with Style. Everyone has their own style of writing. Effective content writing engages the reader and piques their interest. Write as if you are having a conversation with your readers. Why do you think blogs are so successful?

Every successful writer knows when to quit… writing that is. Your point[s] have been made and it is now time to come to a conclusion and allow your readers to absorb what was written. Just like I am doing now!

Matt writes on a variety of topics including, aviation related issues, business, travel, health, and finances. His two top performing websites are: Corporate Flight Attendant Community at http://www.corporateflyer.net and http://www.cabinmanagers.com and Aviation Employment Board at http://www.aviationemploymentboard.com

There are so many ways on how you can improve your newspaper writing skills. This will help you make your articles more explosive that can lead to your success in this field.

Here are the most effective tips for writing news articles:

1. Make your headlines explosive as much as possible. Why should people read your articles? Why should they spend their precious time knowing what you have to say? Communicate your answers to this question on your headlines. It’s important that you tell your target audience what’s in it for them so they’ll be enticed to read your stories.

2. Keep your headlines short. You need to help your publishers save some space when writing your articles. So, keep your articles short and brief. Also, keep your titles relatively short by using as few words as possible.

3. Check your data. As a journalist, it’s your job to safeguard your credibility which can be ruined if you feed your readers with unfounded information. So, make sure that you get your facts straight before you put them into writing. If possible, back up all your claims with testimonials or quotes from people who are involved in the story that you’re covering.

4. Keep it simple. Keep in mind that your readers are pressed for time and they surely won’t appreciate it if they need to think long and hard just to understand the message that you’re trying to get across. Help them out by using simple terms and by making sure that your news articles are easy to understand.

Do you want to learn more about how I do it? I have just completed my brand new guide to article writing success, “Your Article Writing and Promotion Guide”.

Download it free here: Article Writing.